نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانش آموخته سطح سه، حوزه علمیه خراسان، مشهد، ایران
2 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران ابران
3 دانش آموخته دکتری حقوق خصوصی و سطح چهار حوزه علمیه خراسان، دانشگاه علوم اسلامی رضوی، مشهد ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
This research examines the jurisprudential-legal validity of emerging Metaverse contracts, focusing on the challenge of stipulating Pecuniary Value (“maliyyah”) in the transaction's counter-considerations. Given the proliferation of digital assets, such as cryptocurrencies and NFTs, within the three-dimensional and extraterritorial space of the Metaverse, determining the “maliyyah” of these assets is the basis for the validity of these contracts in Imami Jurisprudence and Iranian Law. A critique of the majority jurisprudential view mandating “maliyyah” indicates that their evidence, such as the lexical definition of “bay‘”, faces serious objections when encountering assets that lack a tangible external form but possess stable economic functionality. In contrast, the theory rejecting the stipulation of “maliyyah”, which emphasizes the general maxims of contractual validity, such as “aḥalla Allāh al-bay” and the actualization of exchange, provides greater flexibility for accepting novel transactions. The evaluation of Metaverse assets reveals that cryptocurrencies are recognized by custom and possess “maliyyah”. Furthermore, the NFT "minting" process is analogous to establishing an Exclusive Right in “fiqh”, similar to the right of territorial exclusivity, which holds financial worth. At the legal level, Iranian judicial practice, such as the Advisory Opinion of the Judiciary, by implicitly accepting the Functional Pecuniary Value of digital currencies, has paved the way for the accreditation of Metaverse transactions. Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology, this research concludes that “maliyyah” is not an inherent and immutable condition, but rather a custom-centric institution realized within the context of virtual assets. By relying on the general principles of contractual validity, Metaverse contracts can be considered valid from the jurisprudential-legal regarding the determination of the traded asset’s monetary value (maliyyah).
کلیدواژهها [English]